Graphite intercalation compounds gics are a unique class of lamellar. Intercalation of graphene films on metals with atoms and. The search for nanostructured materials has propelled much of the recent research on graphite intercalation compounds gics and their exfoliation 1234. Graphite intercalation compounds gics for the first time are used as the anode material for lithium. The disappearance of the free amine melting endothe. Intercalation of alkali metals into graphite to produce well. Preparation of color samples of graphite intercalation. Znoac 2, expanded graphite, characteristics, methylene blue, decoloration.
Their formation was studied using thermal measurements and analytical techniques. Under certain conditions, the graphite intercalation compounds were formed containing intercalated anions of peroxosulphuric acids peroxomonosulphuric or peroxodisulfuric. Raman spectroscopy of graphite intercalation compounds. Samples of graphite treated with either bromine or nitric acid were prepared by contacting these reagents at room temperature with powdered crystalline graphite. Ternary intercalation compound of graphite with aluminum. We do not observe the formation of lic18 compound which would be observed at. Graphite intercalation compounds may offer keys to prolonging. Graphite compounds1,2 journal of the american chemical society. For this preparation, the melted oxide and vapors were. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.
Iron atoms have been shown to form 03c0type complexes where the carbon net acts as a polydentate aromatic ligand. Exafs study of graphite intercalation compounds with. Evaluation of layered graphene prepared via hydroxylation of. Pdf synthesis of intercalation compound of graphite and its. The results show a high hysteresis between the lithiation and delithiation in region ii on the entropy curve. We use anhydrous ferric chloride fecl3 to intercalate graphite flakes consisting of 2.
Resistivity of graphite intercalation compounds with bromine. This is due to the fact that during intercalation there is an interaction between the intercalate molecules and graphite atoms, which differs from the interaction of. Exfoliation occurs when the graphene layers are forced apart 5, which may be caused by the sudden vaporization or decomposition of the intercalated species. Preparation of a homologous series of graphite alkylamine. Introduction graphite is the thermodynamically stable under. When heated, the intercalators will decompose or react with graphite, the released volatile. The first intercalation type is the actual insertion of atoms or molecules between the graphite layers, whereas the other type of intercalation is the production of graphite oxide. We observe that stage transitions in hopgbased gics occur very differently from those in. Pdf download graphite intercalation compounds i free.
Graphite intercalation compounds gics are one type of layered compound where the intercalated species generally undergo rapid motion at room temperatre. Nomenclature and terminology o graphite intercalation compounds 1895 the carbon sheets. Graphite intercalation compounds i structure and dynamics. The intercalation compounds graphite bisulfate and graphite perchlorate can be prepared by treating graphite with strong oxidizing agents in the presence of strong acids. Intercalation compounds of graphite dresselhaus 2002. The compound comprises carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, obtained by treating graphite with strong oxidisers. Reviewprogress of research on the preparation of graphene. Nanotribological properties of graphite intercalation.
Two components of 27al nmr line in a graphite intercalation compound of albr3. Intercalation compounds an overview sciencedirect topics. The second volume will also contain a chapter on applications of graphite intercalation compounds. The research on graphite intercalation compounds often acts as a forerunner for research in other sciences. This staging phenomenon is a general phenomenon in graphite intercalation compounds, even in those samples with very dilute intercalate concentrations n 10. Request pdf on apr 20, 2004, claire herold and others published graphite intercalation compounds. One famous intercalation host is graphite, which intercalates potassium as a guest. The invention also provides a process for producing the above product comprising exposing highly oriented pyrolitic graphite to a fluorine atmosphere in a sealed system under pressure. Stage transformation of lithiumgraphite intercalation. When the reducing agent does not intercalate into graphite, the products resulting from the reduction are situated mainly at. Research into the structure and properties of graphite intercalation compounds gics is currently one of the most spectacular growth areas of materials science. Lithiumand potassium both insert readily into the graphite interlayer,forming compounds lic6 and kc8,but pure sodium does not intercalate graphite to any great extent,forming only high stage compounds nac64.
Although the preparation of normal graphitic fecl3gics is rather simple, it was questionable whether the intercalation of fecl3 into cnfs would be successful as well. Graphite intercalation compound, graphite fluoride a ternary intercalation compound of graphite with aif3 and f2, cxfa1f3j was prepared under fluorine atmosphere a t temperatures of 20400 c. Despite intensive and longlasting research on graphite intercalation compounds gic, the mechanism of the stage transitions remains unclear. Graphite intercalation compounds gics are formed by insertion of certain atomic and molecular species between the graphene layers of graphite. On the controlled electrochemical preparation of r4n. In contrast, nickel atoms form twodimensional monolayers with closepacked hexagonal structure. The intercalation of graphite by fecl 3 in chloroform medium can be conducted due to photochemical reactions 14. Doc intercalation compounds of graphite israel palchan. The simulations show that the friction of moving sulfuric acid molecules in the graphite intercalation compound is intimately coupled to the. The first graphite intercalation compounds containing tris. Due to the high initial coulombic efficiency ce, low volume expansion, rich natural resources and the ability to form graphite intercalation compounds gics, graphite is also widely applied as. Pdf formation of gic graphite intercalation compound is an important field of study currently, as it offers a method of producing graphene by.
Orientation and motion of tetrahydrofuran in graphite. When the intercalation compound of graphite thus formed is reduced, the original graphite is reformed via reversible redox processes 1, 8. Five families of intercalates give high electrical. Essential properties of lili graphite intercalation compounds arxiv. New ternary graphite intercalation compounds gics containing na. Graphite intercalation compounds are thus classied by a stage index n denoting the number of graphite layers between adjacent intercalate layers, as is illustrated in gure 2. Several authors claimed that reduction of the fecl3 layers in a fecl3 graphite intercalated compound gic to fecl2 by thermal treatment does not influence the spacing between. Gic with re 2o 7 was synthesized for the first time by fuzellier 22. The invention provides a graphite fluorine intercalation product of the formula cx f wherein x.
These motions have been shown to be strongly anisotropic due to the constrained environment imposed by the host graphite layers both in. Graphite intercalation compounds of h 2 so 4 are a typical example produced by anodic oxidation of graphite 8. Fecl intercalated carbon nanofibers and graphite, material. The progress of materials science depends on the development of novel materials and the development of novel experimental techniques. The graphite compounds we used were synthetic graphite, activated graphites and several types of cnfs. The research on graphite intercalation compounds combines both aspects. Graphite forms intercalation compounds with various atoms, ions, and molecules. Fecl3 intercalated carbon nanofibers and graphite, material characteristics and reduction behavior 85 intercalation with fecl3, the spacing between graphite sheets increases from 0. Ion batteries wang 2014 advanced energy materials wiley. Formation process of fecl nicl graphite intercalation compounds. Graphite can incorporate a wide range of intercalate guests between planar graphene sheets to form graphite intercalation compounds gics. In contrast to the potassium and calcium graphites, the carbon layers are oxidized in this process. Graphite intercalation compounds gic sciencedirect.
Pdf microwave exfoliation of a graphite intercalation. Intercalation of metallic potassium and fullerene c60 into. Graphite materials natural dispersed graphite, thermoexfoliated graphite, graphite fibers etc. Graphite also due to its clearly expressed structural anisotropy is the basis for obtaining of layered composites graphite intercalation compounds gics. The crystal structure of pure and intercalated graphite.
A new type of promising anode material for lithium. Formation process of fecl nicl graphite intercalation. Topics covered range from graphite chemistry to sheet silicate intercalates, diffusion and shapeselective catalysis in zeolites, organic and organometallic intercalation compounds of the transition metal dichalcogenides, and solvated intercalation compounds of layered chalcogenide and oxide bronzes. The g peak of heavily doped monolayer graphene upshifts to. Chemical reduction of stage1 fecl3 graphite intercalation. The intercalation process is accompanied by charge transfer between the graphite layers and the intercalated species and the number of electronic carriers, i.
Mar 30, 1998 in a recent xrd investigation, a distinctly low interlayer distance d of 3. Graphite fluoride intercalation compounds of s2o6f2, hso3f and hso3cf3. Us48957a us07323,214 us32321489a us48957a us 48957 a us48957 a us 48957a us 32321489 a us32321489 a us 32321489a us 48957 a us48957 a us 48957a authority us united states prior art keywords flakes graphite solution graphite flakes intercalation solution prior art date 19870831 legal status the legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. The stage1 graphite alkalimetalintercalation compounds possess the highest. Intercalation compounds including an unusual parallel bilayer. Preparation and characteristics of expanded graphite. Intercalation of fewlayer graphite flakes with fecl3. A fundamental feature of the gics is the formation of ordered sequences stages of graphite and intercalant layers rudorff and schulze 1954. The invention provides a graphite fluorine intercalation product of the formula c. Effect of friction on oxidative graphite intercalation and highquality. From electrochemical pointofview,thetheoreticalphase of magnesiated graphite. When graphite is oxidized, its layers will open gradually, and then the molecules or ions of noncarbonaceous substance enter into the interspace of graphite layers forming various graphite intercalation compounds gics. Crystalline graphite is known to form intercalation compounds with bromine and nitric acid. Graphite also due to its clearly expressed structural anisotropy is the basis for obtaining of layered composites graphite intercalation compounds.
For instance, the concept of staging, which is fundamental to graphite intercalation compounds, is also relevant to surface science in connection with adsorbates on metal surfaces and to hightemperature superconducting oxide layer materials. Pdf ebooks can be used on all reading devices immediate ebook. Preparation and characteristics of expanded graphite loaded. Applications of graphite intercalation compounds journal of. The invention also provides a process for producing the. This results in a more or less pronounced expansion which may be detected by xray diffraction and which occurs in a direction perpendicular to the carbon sheets. It was found that a remarkable variation of the free carrier concentration allows the enhancements of. Essential geometric and electronic properties in stagen graphite. The intercalant, staging, stability, and doping of the resulting intercalation compounds ics are characterized by raman scattering. Applications of graphite intercalation compounds journal. In a twophase region, a stage transformation is accompanied by. Expired lifetime application number us07323,214 inventor ronald a. Resistivity of graphite intercalation compounds with.
Intercalation of fewlayer graphite flakes with fecl. Aug 08, 2019 graphite intercalation compounds gics are formed by insertion of certain atomic and molecular species between the graphene layers of graphite. The results in tables i and ii clearly indicate that the c x f compounds exhibit a layered periodic structure typical of intercalated graphite compounds. The typical 1st stage compound has a composition of c6falf3o,i5 with a repeat distance of 940 pm. Graphite forms intercalation compounds with some metals and small molecules.
Formation process of cucl2nicl2graphite intercalation. The compound, a potassiumgraphite intercalated compound with a firststage structure. Biintercalation of h2so4 into stages 46 fecl3graphite. Graphite intercalation compounds gics are an interesting and highly studied. Stage transitions in graphite intercalation compounds. Electrochemistry of graphite intercalation compounds. Zonecenter phonon frequencies for graphite and graphite. Us3785999a process of making graphitemetal chloride. Stages 46 fecl 3 graphite intercalation compounds gics have been prepared by an ordinary twobulb method, and the bi intercalation processes of h 2 so 4 into the gics have been studied by xray diffraction. Graphite intercalation compounds may offer keys to. Two potassium graphite compounds are kc 8 and kc 24. In these compounds, the host molecule or atom gets sandwiched between the graphite layers, resulting in a type of compound with variable stoichiometry. Study of fecl3 and cocl2 graphite intercalation compounds. Intercalation compounds of graphite semantic scholar.
Introduction expanded graphite eg is a kind of bulky soft and highly porous wormlike material, and it is prepared by intercalating reaction of flake graphite under oxidation and intercalation. The influence of three different intercalation methods on the. Thermal exfoliation of electrochemically synthesized graphite. Pressure enhancement of the electrical conductivity of.
Depending on a type of the intercalated substance the graphite plane may be either an acceptor or donor of. In this study, synthesis of graphene from the graphite intercalation compound kc8 was prepared. A prominent example of an intercalation compound is potassium graphite, denoted by the formula kc 8. Usually this energy is supplied by charge transfer between the guest and the host solid, i. They exhibit high reversible capacity with excellent cycle life.
Comparative study of ternary graphite potassiummetal mtl. Graphite intercalation compound, xray diffraction method, phase transition, intercalate layer. The properties of graphite intercalation compounds gics are discussed with respect to possible applications. Using optical and raman microscopy, we perform direct realtime monitoring of stage transitions in h2so4gics made from highly oriented pyrolitic graphite hopg. The influence of three different intercalation methods on. Buy this book isbn 9783642752704 digitally watermarked, drm free included format.
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